Media Studies – make a music video

For our coursework we decided to make a music video, based on our original idea of a â€Å"Jackass† style programme. Jackass is a programme of various dangerous and stupid stunts, which are all a bit different. We decided against this idea as it restricted our power to change it into an original concept. We decided to make a music video using a punk song, as these have a very broad band of what can be included. We started by making a song in the style of a well known band, Blink 182, but we changed it to incorporate our life at college. We are loosely basing it on a theme of our college life but at the different extremes. We are using what Levi Strauss called Binary Opposites, these are extreme opposites, for example a bad guy being ugly and a good guy being extremely attractive. We are using the Binary opposites of maturity and immaturity, which is a basic college idea, the mature students that do their work and the immature students that joke about and don't take things seriously. We thought of things that would be included in a punk music video, we had the idea of the band rehearsing in a music room and being very professional about it and then came up with the opposite which is practicing in the refectory and playing random objects rather than proper instruments. Another idea we had is spending time leisurely we had the idea of a group of people sitting around playing cards with the comparison of them all running around like mad brandishing water-guns and having a play fight. The next one is also a leisurely activity, playing foosball at the table in the refectory comparing it to doing reckless skating and crashing into each other. We then thought back to the programme Jackass and one of their famous sketches is the presenters being pushed around in a shopping trolley. We thought of using this but needed a binary opposite to go in it so we thought of having someone pushing the trolley quite normally with shopping in it. Also just walking around college, the band walking down a corridor and turning around a corner with them running down the corridor in the underpants and running into the girls toilet. These give off a lot of ideas of the maturity and immaturity of college. We thought of using the phrase that we had heard a lot from the show South Park, whenever there is drugs or alcohol involved, one of the characters, Chef always says â€Å"There is a time and a place for everything, and it's called college!† and thought that we could relate this to the video. Another idea we had was using the Kuleshov Effect, where we would take shots of random things such as people talking chilling out and people running around like mad and pulling faces. The themes we are using are Jackass, The Teenage years and a parody effect of Blink 182 videos. We are also going to have parts of temporal disorder in the video, using the video effects on my camcorder, this will give the impression the person watching is on drugs because the song is related to this, although we will show no shots of drugs or anybody taking drugs as this would be to suggestive, we are only giving hints of teenage life but not actually showing all angles. There is no actual storyline to have a linear narrative to the video, its more random as this is what college is like despite being a regulated day, anything can happen! The idea of using teenage life although is very common is so broad that we can change it to our own tastes and use our own characters in it. The whole video is supposed to be a joke filled, fun and non-serious which is the whole idea of punk rock, a lot of songs are just parodies. We are also going to have lots of shots of the band so people can see them and know who is playing. Bands do this so they can see who is performing and identify with them and decide who is their favourite. Sometimes they can pretend to play roles which can lead on to a narrative in the video, taking for example, Sum 41 in their â€Å"In Too Deep† video they have the lay about band, with the jocks fighting against each other in a diving contest, we want the band to win which is made in a binary opposite the baddies are made to be Speedo wearing narcissists and the band wearing any old shorts and not particularly full of themselves. This is the kind of effect we want to achieve with binary opposites.

Impacts Of Poverty On Student’s Achievement Essay

Poverty is an issue faced by more children in our nation. Children face problems related to poverty during their schooling. The price that children pay out of poverty is incredibly high than anyone can imagine. Each year, schools admit large numbers of children with needs brought about by poverty which is an issue that the school is usually not prepared to deal with. Poverty is a risk factor in the process of student’s education. This paper examines the impacts of poverty on teaching and learning which determines the student’s academic achievement. The concept of being at risk This term refers to students who are faced by life’s social circumstances such as poverty that puts them at risk of underachieving in school. There are many risk factors which increases the chances of a student to failure. However poverty is regarded a major risk factor due to its compound effect. Some of the factors that are related to poverty and put a student at greater risk of failing include, very young parents, unemployment, low educational level parents, substance abuse, exposure to inadequate or improper educational experiences, dangerous neighborhood, mobility, abuse and neglect as well as homelessness. (Gromard, 2003) These factors affect the physical status of the children as in dressing, the type of food they eat, their personal effects are usually of low quality or cheap. The physical disparities in among the students cause a wide gap between the poor students and their peers from middle or upper class families. Sometimes the isolation of this group of students is automatic in that they themselves assume that others do not want to associate with them. Teachers may also contribute in perceiving students in accordance to their social classes. This is however a rare case because teachers are professionals. Nevertheless, there are some instances that the teacher may talk about an issue in the process of teaching and unintentionally touch the students from poverty stricken families. For example in studying population, the teacher may teach about demographics of poverty which is inevitable. This students may change their attitude towards the teacher and hence the subject. (Knapps, Shields, & Clementina, 2001) High mobility is a symptom associated with poverty in connection to other surrounding factors. Students who come from poor families may live in daily or monthly rent houses. This is makes them to move day in day out as their parents look for jobs or runs away from problems like abusive spouses, financial responsibilities or criminal records. This kind of situation may also put the poor family homeless. The conditions they live in affect their education achievement. This result from the emotional impact that moving impacts on children. The children also are forced to join new schools occasionally where they may find it very difficult to adapt. When this factor combines with other issues related to poverty, overwhelming effects on the students’ social, emotional and cognitive development are experienced. Students from poor families attend school irregularly. Transfers to new schools are a routine which brings about difficulty in socialization with new friends in the new school. This may make the student to become either withdrawn or hostile due to their experiences in their past attempts to make friends. The student may therefore develop an attitude of ‘why bother’ with regard to both social and academic aspect schooling as they will after all be moving soon. Due to the various reasons of moving, which are often abrupt, the student come to the new school without records from their previous school which makes it difficult for the school to track the records. As a result, teachers lack the slightest idea of what the student have or haven’t leant. It is a big challenge for the school to place the new students in a class and provide them with the additional services they may require. Even when the school succeeds in placing the new students in class and providing these services, these students will likely move within the school year. It is also difficult for teachers to teach these kinds of students something valuable as they rarely concentrate. Children from poor families become aware of the social economic classes that exist in the society at a very tender age. They grow being aware of their own class and that of their peers which make them to develop a class related attitude as early as in their elementary schooling years. This attitude id carried on throughout their lives in school. Inferiority complex or aggressiveness may be the end result of this effect of poverty in the student’s life. However teachers can help children build up caring and sensitivity towards various cultures including social classes. Lessons and activities in the school should be designed on how children perceive the world and themselves during the different stages of development. For example at the age of eleven, children can comfortably reflect on the causes and solutions to poverty. Achievement gap Achievement gap is the difference in academic achievement between children from various groups or classes in relation to ethnic, income or race. The achievement of students is generally lower than that of middle and upper classes. However at lower levels, children of poverty achieve more than their peers from well to do families. Children from low income families have more in their minds than quizzes, homework or extracurricular activities. As pointed out earlier in this work some may have spent their nights in the streets due to homelessness, at camps or compounds of their friends or relatives. Therefore they are often engaged in thinking about where they will spend that night as well as caring about their parents who go through hardships trying to look for a living for the family. This affects their concentration in class and other school activities hence affect their performance academically as well as socially. (Brown, 2000) The reason for variation in achievement of students is determined by the social environment the students come from and the education that they receive in school. Poverty influences the quality of student’s learning behaviors, their past experiences with education, home environment and sometimes the teacher’s attitude which greatly affect the individual student performance. Students from poor or low income families are generally worried too much about themselves. They usually feel out of place when interacting with children in other social classes. They may feel that the society is unfair by placing them in poverty. The students may decline from participating in class activities and this affects their learning in school. As proposed by Salvin 2001, schools impact on students’ academic achievements are powerful and the success of all the students regardless of their social economic class depend on the teachers’ perception of these students as at promise rather than at risk and at the same time preparing them to get to their full potentials in life. A good education that is focused is usually the only means of breaking the vicious cycle of poverty for the poor children. These children require an education founded in high standards with high expectation for all. The curriculum should be aligned to ensure that a meticulous and assessment go hand in hand with the standards. The curriculum should avoid a decrease in opportunities for the students from the poor background. What usually takes place in the classroom has influence on the achievement of the students and hence teachers should be careful when passing information to students. (Plumber, 2004) The teacher should avoid at all costs any activity that may discriminate students from poor backgrounds. The content of education should be of value and cultural relevant. Teachers should be aware that the instructional and classroom management methods do not necessarily work well for poor students. The teachers can help in closing the achievement gap.

Tanza Oasis

EZEKIEL BRUSAS . PRINCESS PALLASIGUE . REAGIME RUFINO . DAILENE MAE SANCHEZ Tanza Oasis Hotel and Resort Table of Contents I. Introduction3 II. Company Profile6 III. Products and Services Offered9 IV. Management and Staff Awareness21 V. Hotel and Resort Analysis31 VI. Recommendations34 VII. References36 VIII. Attachments37 I. INTRODUCTION With technology getting obsolete by the seconds, one wonders if there is any relevance to the future. Especially for the trendy hospitality industry, where the race is to compete in fulfilling guest expectations. These expectations are related to the product, its character and personality.Hotel and resort chains spend a tremendous amount of time and money in researching user-friendly technology to remain competitive. Hotels and resorts are going hi-tech in every area of guest experience. A quick review of the use of technology in hotels and resorts reveals an interesting conclusion. Hotels, which do not keep pace with technology, may lose their gues t base while at the same time, a traveler who does not keep himself updated with technology may feel out of place in hi-tech hotels. Most city hotels are well equipped with latest, state of the art technology.The future hotels might see hotel rooms with much more advanced technology. For example, hotels are now adopting biometrics technology. This technology uses voice, fingerprints or retina scan for personal identification, replacing the room key and combination safe in the rooms. One has to glare at the door to get it opened or, touch the biometric sensor to open the safe. Practically all good hotels have high definition television sets, but with the advent of 3D revolution, hotels will have to switch to new technology sooner than later. The same technology will also be useful for telephonic and video conferencing.Touch screen telephones, compressor free mini bars, in-room environment control, electronic do not disturb signs etc, have now become as part of granted features in the rooms. The introduction of Control4 is going to further revolutionize the hotel systems. Imagine walking to the door of the room, the system detects the person, turns on the lights, TV, sets temperature of the room, and awaits guest’s arrival at the door. The TV starts to play a welcome message or introduces the room features as they enter the room. The system also manages the wakeup call and do not disturb process.Future hotels are going to use room window glass as a TV screen. A switch will make the glass opaque and a projection system from the ceiling will start your favorite program on the screen with surround sound digital speakers. Today, hotels offer high-speed wireless broadband internet connectivity in the rooms with interface to the TV. Some hotels however, offer wireless internet in the entire hotel, in every nook and corner. One can use the laptop anywhere. Hotels also offer color-printing facilities from the laptop at a central printer in the Business Center.Roo m motion sensors detect motion and body temperature, and set the room parameters to suit your body needs. If no motion is detected beyond a specified period, it turns off the air-conditioning, lights and TV. Timer settings are crucial for success of this system. For those who need to relax their muscles, hotels offer an electric massage chair in the rooms. No need to go to the spa for time strapped guests needing a quick fix. For satisfying a demanding hi-tech traveler, the art is to anticipate needs and tailor the product with such elements that satisfies these needs and wants.A few years back an hotelier could not have imagined a guest carrying his virtual office in his laptop, or his music collection in his i-Pod or MP3. Well, today he does. Hotels are therefore providing connectivity of these gadgets to the TV and sound system. Hotels are also providing connectivity cable to connect digital camera to the TV. The guest can view the quality of pictures in the privacy of his room. The bathrooms in hi-tech hotels are a delight to the eye and experience. Most hotels have frost-free mirrors, Multiple Volt shaver sockets, temperature controlled Jacuzzi. Rain shower and aqua massage systems.Heated seats for water closet and bidet are provided for additional comforts. A small color TV at the foot of the Jacuzzi and extension of room telephone. What one would see in the future is that the mirror will double as a computer screen and one could watch mails while soaking in the bath tub, sounds interesting!. The biggest challenge for the hotelier is to keep pace with technology. Implement technology in a cost efficient manner and to know where to draw a line. While being Hi-Tech sounds good, the concept also has a feel good factor, one must understand what and how much should be adopted in a hotel.Going green is another popular trend now, and not just in hospitality. But now, more than ever, resorts are jumping on the green bandwagon in a variety of ways. Be it organic sheets, using solar power or offering climate-neutral rooms, resorts are increasingly moving towards offering earth-friendly amenities. This is just a glimpse of different shades of technology being used or about to debut in hotels and resorts across the globe. The ultimate quality of the experiences and degree of satisfaction of hundreds of guests and visitors depends upon judicious and right use of technology.The smallest glitch in the system is enough to ruin the experience. The art is to anticipate the needs of tomorrow and provide them today, leaving one to wonder what happens the day after. II. COMPANY PROFILE Company Name: Marawi Leisure Park, Inc. Establishment’s Name: Tanza Oasis Hotel & Resort Address: Km. 41 Centennial Road. Barangay Capipisa East Tanza, Cavite History In 1994, a group of Filipino and foreign investors launched a hotel in Rosario, Cavite. It was called Mount Sea Fiesta Resort, and became popular vacation spot in the Cavite area.The resort was m anaged by dedicated hoteliers, and soon it expanded its services to include swimming pools, a multi-purpose recreation hall, and other guest facilities. After the success of Mount Sea Fiesta Resort, the investors decided to build a bigger accommodation facility in Tanza, Cavite. The Mount Sea Grand Resort, located on prime property in coastal Capipiza, opened its door on 2001. The resort did not succeed because it is exclusive and expensive. Resort entrance and room rates are not affordable for the locals.In 2011, the Tanza Oasis Hotel & Resort opened its door to public. The concept is to provide a premier accommodation facility featuring refreshing seafront views and first-class hotel amenities. It aims to highlight the current globalization of business, and cater to the business people and their families, and the general public. Tanza Oasis Hotel & Resort is geared to meet the accommodation requirements of international clientele, as well as the locals. But the investors a nd organizers’ commitment continues to aim for perfection.The company desires to upgrade its system, control and operations. It will become the umbrella of future accommodation properties in Luzon that will reflect the quintessential Filipino hospitality and world-class service. Company Background Vision Tanza’s Oasis Hotel & Resort aims to become the top choice among the business and leisure destinations in Cavite area. Mission Tanza’s Oasis Hotel & Resort strives to delight our guests every time they visit; and to represent the hospitality and warmth of Tanza, Cavite by providing quality service at all times. ValuesTanza’s Oasis Hotel & Resort puts respect honesty, passion, and service from the heart are foremost in its service equation. About Tanza Oasis Hotel & Resort Tanza Oasis Hotel and Resort is Cavite’s only true resort destination, it offers perfect mix of exceptional resort accommodations, service, comfort and a classic F ilipino hospitality. It is just one hour away from busy life of Metro Manila. Guest will discover a hotel that is modern as well as classically elegant. Tanza Oasis Hotel & Resort is owned by a corporation named, Marawi Leisure Park, Inc.The corporation is also the owner of the Mount Sea Resorts. It is located on prime property in coastal Capipisa at Km. 41, Barangay Capipisa Tanza, Cavite. The soft opening started on March 10, 2011, and has its grand opening last March 2012. The Tanza Oasis Hotel & Resort caters to all visitors from all walks of life whether it is just a solo traveler or a couple on a honeymoon, or family in a vacation or companies for functions and meetings. These kinds of travelers will find a place to stay in the Tanza Oasis Hotel & Resort.Although Cavite already has a few hotels and resort to its name (Island Cove, Mount Sea Fiesta Hotel and Resort, Caylabne Bay, Puerto Azul, Microtel Eagle Ridge and others), there is only one area in Cavite that is considered as the major competitor of Tanza Oasis Hotel & Resort: Tagaytay City. Small resorts and restaurant around the area of Tanza and Naic, Cavite are considered as their minor competitors. III. Products and Services Offered Throughout the year guests can enjoy all the products and services offered in Tanza Oasis Hotel and Resort.They can enjoy dipping in the pool, walking along the sea shore, sensing the touch of massage, savouring the music and drinks at the pool bar, tasting the mouth watering foods at Sagobe Cafe, relaxing stay at the hotel rooms and attending events in luxurious function rooms. Hotel facilities * Ballroom With the elegant fully carpeted ballroom and chandeliers. Sahara Ballroom lends itself to buffets or sit down dinners, as well as conferences and seminars. The kitchen provides plenty of space for the caterer of guest’s choice. Capacity for sit down dinners is 400. 500 for theatre style seating.For convenience, it has a divider that can split the ballroom in half. This is truly Cavite’s most elegant location for any special events. * Business Center The Center provides businesses of all sizes with the office facilities and services they need to be successful. From printers, Xerox machine, Wi-Fi internet. The Center offers the highest quality business services available. * Meeting Room Whether presenting to the largest client or holding off-site company meetings, the meeting rooms are the ideal professional working environment. Hotel Services * Room serviceProviding â€Å"in-room dining† in a hotel, enabling guests to choose menu items for delivery to their hotel room for consumption there. Room Service is organized as a subdivision within the Food & Beverage Department of high-end hotel and resort properties. * Body massage They offer massage service to guest in their private rooms. * Wi-Fi access The lobby area offers free access of internet. * Standby generator The hotel is equipped with standby gener ator in case of emergency or black out. TYPES OF ROOMS ARE: Superior Room The superior rooms are all designed for guests comfort.With the choice of single or twin sharing beds, we have created a spacious, warm, welcoming, light and airy space for them to sleep, relax and work in. Facilities * Hot Bath * Telephone * Refrigerator * Mobile phone recharging plug * Safety deposit box * TV * Solar powered hot water system. Amenities * Shampoo and conditioner * Body soap * Hand bar soap * Toothbrush and toothpaste * Razor blade * Bath towel, face towel, hand towel * Bath mat * Slippers * Hair comb * Hair dryer * Weekday Rate-3,300. 00Weekend Rate-3,850. 00 Deluxe Room The deluxe room offers a peaceful modern vacation retreat from a busy day.The room is spacious and has a large picture windows allowing abundant natural light. They overlook the beach and sunset. Guests can choose between one queen bed or two twin beds. Connecting door to another room is available. Facilities * Hot Bath * Tel ephone * Refrigerator * Mobile phone recharging plug * Safety deposit box * TV * Solar powered hot water system Amenities * Shampoo and conditioner * Body soap * Hand bar soap * Toothbrush and toothpaste * Razor blade * Bath towel, face towel, hand towel * Bath mat * Slippers * Hair comb * Hair dryer * Cotton swabs * Shower cap * Bath robe * Weekday Rate-3,850. 0Weekend Rate-4,400. 00 Junior Executive Suite The Junior Executive Suite offers a matchless vacation experience for the most discriminating traveller. This suite have a comfortable sofa and a king sized bed. Facilities * Hot Bath * Telephone * Refrigerator * Mobile phone recharging plug * Safety deposit box * TV * Solar powered hot water system Amenities * Shampoo and conditioner * Body soap * Hand bar soap * Toothbrush and toothpaste * Razor blade * Bath towel, face towel, hand towel * Bath mat * Slippers * Hair comb * Hair dryer * Cotton swabs * Shower cap * Bath robe * Weekday Rate-4,400. 0Weekend Rate-4,950. 00 Executive Suite It is ideal for individuals or couples who treasure privacy. The executive suite offers a sense of relaxation with amenities set to comfort guest’s stay, with the separate living room and  guest’s toilet. The elegant and spacious one-bedroom suite provides a living space, couch, a scenic view of the beach and a bathroom with the choice of pampering steam bath or Jacuzzi. Facilities * Bath * Steam shower/jacuzzi * Telephone * Refrigerator * Mobile phone recharging plug * Safety deposit box * TV * Solar powered hot water system Amenities * Shampoo and conditioner Body soap * Hand bar soap * Toothbrush and toothpaste * Razor blade * Bath towel, face towel, hand towel * Bath mat * Slippers * Hair comb * Hair dryer * Cotton swabs * Shower cap * Bath robe * Weekday Rate-4,950. 00Weekend Rate-5,500. 00 Presidential Suite Absolutely, everything is provided in this luxurious hotel suite. Guests will enjoy panoramic views of the oasis beach and the swimming pool as well . The bar is stocked to serve the most delectable drinks. They offer spacious sleeping quarters with an En-suite bathroom. This suite consists of a master bedroom, with 3 guest bedrooms.It has a spacious living room, theatre room, dining room and kitchen which are arranged to offer elegance and luxurious comfort with a touch of a home-like essence. Plus it has a separate guest comfort room and maid’s room. Services and facilities in your hotel suite: * Our Guest Relations Team at your service at all times * Telephone * Refrigerator * Safety Deposit Box * LCD TV in the lounge * Television in Rooms * solar powered hot water system * Kitchen with electric stove * Well-stocked mini-bar * Maids room * Laundry area * Separate guest toilet * Use of our gym for your workout Use of our business center and meeting room * Luxurious toiletries * 24 hour room service * Dry cleaning and laundry service * Wi-Fi broad band internet connection. â€Å"En-suite† usually means that the ba throom is connected to the bedroom (that is, you don't have to go out into the hall to access it). Amenities * Shampoo and conditioner * Body soap * Hand bar soap * Toothbrush and toothpaste * Razor blade * Bath towel, face towel, hand towel * Bath mat * Slippers * Hair comb * Hair dryer * Cotton swabs * Shower cap * Bath robe * Weekday Rate-19,800. 00Weekend Rate-23,100. 00 Dinning Sagobe CafeThe restaurant themed and elegantly design for the guests eating ambience, with proper lighting to give you a feeling of warmth and close to nature. They offer an exquisite menu inspired mainly by Filipino dishes with touch of Asian cuisine to add color and variety. They believed natural is the best, they hire only the best chefs to make sure they use only finest and natural ingredients for their enjoyment and satisfaction. The Pool Bar Relax and enjoy the sense of tranquility with drinks and snacks at the bar or served at the sun lounger by the pool. RESORT FACILITIES * Swimming Pool Resort a nd Recreational Facilities Basketball Court The court is available for guests who wants to play basketball. * Billiards Two billiard tables are available to be used by the guests. * Gym Hotel guest can access the gym to maintain the fitness of their bodies. * Obstacle course Team buildings and company outings will enjoy more with the use of obstacle course for their activities. * Souvenir Shop Souvenirs, snacks, swim wears, personalize items are available in the store. * Swimming pool The safari themed swimming pool is equipped with 3 exciting giant pool slides for those who want some action and play house for the kids.It caters to all, both young and adult. * Water sports Water sports activities add value to the resort. It gives additional fun and excitement to guest. Activities included are kayaking, jet ski and zorb ball. * Beach and the sea shore Experience the cold water from the sea and the fresh breeze while walking at the shore. * Grilling station There are 3 grilling statio n for visitors who likes to grilled their foods. * Public sink There are 3 station of sink in the beach front. It is provided for the excursionist in the beach area. * Public Comfort rooms and Shower roomComfort rooms and shower rooms are provided with clean water and are maintained clean and odour free. * Videoke * Volleyball ENTRANCE FEE FOR: PoolDay SwimmingNight Swimming Weekdays 6:30am-5:00pmWeekday is until 6:00-9:00pm Weekends 6:30am-5:00pmWeekends is until 6:00-10:00pm Adult RatePhp 200. 00Php 250. 00 Kiddie RatePhp 150. 00Php 200. 00 (4 feet below) Beach:Php 80. 00 (both adults and kids) Php 100. 00 (overnight rates) Cottages:Day RateOvernight Rate Mini (good for 3-10) Php 750. 00Php 1,000. 00 Mega (good for 10-12)Php 1,200. 00Php 1,500. 00 MEMBERSHIP FEE (Php 4,000. 00) Freebies: One (1) coupon of complimentary stay at our Superior Room * Two (2) coupons of Fifty percent (50%) off on one night room stay at any type of rooms * Two (2) coupons of twenty percent (20%) off on Sagobe Cafe * Five (5) coupon of Swimming Pool Pass Member’s coupons are entitled to: * 20% discount of all types of rooms (max. of 5 transactions per day) * 10% discount on Sagobe Cafe * Php 50. 00 discount on Swimming Pool Entrance (max. of 10 pax per day) * *Prices are subject to change without prior notice Tanza Oasis Hotel and Resort also cater: Weddings Perhaps no day in life is more special than the wedding day.Couples deserve to celebrate it with panache- highly elaborate. The hotel offers exquisite set menus of elegant Filipino cuisine prepared by the Executive Chef. They will make every whim and fancy come true. An enchanting and unforgettable wedding waits the guests. Debut Many great things come with turning 18, so it’s no wonder guests want to have an extraordinary party to celebrate it. The hotel and resort have a wide variety of styles and venue that the celebrator will surely find one that perfectly represents herself or the soon to be adult. Kiddie Par ty Celebrate kid’s birthday with fun and excitement at Tanza Oasis Hotel and Resort.Whether it’s a 7th birthday or 70th birthday, it can be celebrated in the hotel and resort. From elegant and classic party in the 2 grand ballrooms to garden parties to swimming pool party. Baptismal Baptisms and christenings are joyous occasions that people want to celebrate with family and friends. Make it more special with hosting the party in Tanza Oasis Hotel and Resort. Christmas Party The Christmas season brings many reasons to celebrate and gather. Whether be it a family affair or a Traditional Corporate Christmas party, let Tanza Oasis indulge it with the venue, ambiance with sumptuous foods and beverages and cheerful staffs.All Occasions From birthdays, graduation, despedida party, to whatever reason for the celebration, celebrate it in the 2 grand ballroom, garden venue and beach venue at Tanza Oasis Hotel and Resort. IV. MANAGEMENT AND STAFF AWARENESS Tanza Oasis Hotel and R esort is composed of seven major departments. These departments are Sales, Front Office, Food and Beverage, Finance, Housekeeping, Human Resource and Security Department. These departments are manned by managers or supervisors. The amount of the staffs engaged in Hotel and Resort largely depends on the season and status of the business.The core staffs compose of 70 personnel. During Peak season, they add staffs to be able to provide good services to the guests, total staffs became 150. The company also accepts On the- Job- Training(s) from Colleges and Universities, 10- to 20 OJTs per batch. These staffs were chosen based on their qualities and abilities. They were given Orientation Program before being employed in the company. The orientation program aims to introduce the employees to their jobs, co- workers, and the organization as well as the company policies, rules and regulations.Other seminars, trainings and workshop were conducted for the improvement of service of the hotel a nd resort employees. Customer Relation Management is one of the seminar provided for the employees, it aims to give knowledge on how to deal with guests and provide good customer service. Next, the Food Safety and Sanitation Program, this seminar was given to the employees under the Food and Beverage Department, it aims to teach them the proper way of handling the foods, preparation and storage.Then, the there are also workshop about personality development, where in employees were given information on how they are going to groom their selves to be more presentable and appealing in the eye of guests and visitors. The company considered the guests comfort and safety as their highest priority, they also provide seminar for the security personnel to ensure that they are thoroughly trained especially in times of emergency. They provide key environmental indicators in order to raise environmental awareness among their associates, guests and communities.Tanza Oasis Hotel and Resort ensure s that all the staffs are fully aware of the sustainability policy. They encourage them to adopt sustainable management practices. These are all made possible by means of conducting regular meeting between employees and management. The Organizational Chart General Manager- Mr. Alexander Ngo * A general manager is responsible for a large number of tasks. He will be required to prepare a yearly budget and submit it to the hotel owner, corporate office or possibly a district manager. All employee terminations and new hires will be his responsibility.Hotel room rates fluctuate consistently, and as the general manger of the hotel, it will be his responsibility to decide the best rate for any given day, night, weekend or special event. He will also have the authority to set hotel service standards as well as choose extra services or amenities to make the hotel more appealing to travelers. Assistant General Manager- Mr. Ernie Belen * An assistant manager helps organize and guide a company' s employees. Assistant manager work in a variety of industries, from marketing to sales to food service to hospitality.His duties range widely as well, an assistant manager may hire, train and schedule employees, as well as handle employee performance reviews. Mostly, he assists the direct supervisor in incorporating a company's guidelines and mission. Hotel Manager- Ms. Aura Francisco * She is responsible for the day-to-day management of a hotel and its staff. She has commercial accountability for budgeting and financial management, planning, organizing and directing all hotel services, including front-of-house (reception, concierge, reservations), food and beverage operations, and housekeeping.The Departments and Sub-Department A. Sales Manager – Ms. Susan Co A hotel sales coordinator, under the direction of the sales manager, comes up with new productivity ideas and hotel incentives to draw guests to the hotel. She works alongside sales associates, and mingles with the mar keting, advertising and public relations teams to tap into new sales pitch ideas such as a complimentary weekend breakfast services or couples massage specials to entice prospective executives looking for event locations or vacationers looking for a place to relax. A. 1. Assistant Sales Manager – Mr.Larry Franco An assistant sales manager helps oversee a sales force. Assistant sales managers work in nearly every industry, from retail sales to wholesale and manufacturing to automotive to electronics. They report to the sales manager and are in charge of the staff when she is not working. Assistant sales managers might handle tasks such as scheduling employees, assigning territories or developing sales pitches. A. 2. Sales Representative Cavite Area- Ms. Leah Dator Manila Area- Ms. Reah Llono Sales representative’s main duty is to interest buyers in their company's products.In addition, they answer any questions that potential clients may have. B. Front Office- Ms. Anna Luisa Magbanua In the  hotel  industry, the front office welcomes guests to the accommodation section: meeting and greeting them, taking and organizing reservations, allocating check in and out of rooms, organizing porter service, issuing keys and other security arrangements, passing on messages to customers and settling the accounts. Responsible for organizing, planning, directing and controlling of the Front Office Reception / Cashiers, Reservations, Concierge and Switchboard B. 1. Guest Services Officer They are responsible for the daily operations of the Front Office which includes attending to guests’ requests and enquiries; liaising with prospects to view the rooms. 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Human Resour ces- Ms. Jarikah Hernandez Human resource department is devoted to providing effective policies, procedures, and people-friendly  guidelines and support  within companies.Additionally, the human resource function serves to make sure that the company mission, vision,  values  or  guiding principles, the company metrics, and the factors that keep the company guided toward success are optimized. G. Security It is the department within the hotel that is responsible for the safety and security of the hotel. Thing that this department might do include preventing employee theft, keeping trespassers out of the hotel, preventing thefts in the parking lots, and investigating thefts and other security incidents. V. HOTEL AND RESORT ANALYSIS Area| Strength| Weakness| Opportunity| Threat|Rates| The rates in Tanza Oasis Hotel and Resort are very affordable. | They have fee for the use of the beach. | They offer membership in the hotel and resort to avail discounted rates and freebies. | Rates for swimming and beach are seasonal. It can increase depending on the season| Transportation and travel| It can be easily reached by land, it will only takes less than an hour from Metro Manila. | If going there without a family car, it is inconvenient since you will be required to transfer to different vehicles. | They provide shuttle service for easier access. Since it is far from the city guests need to pass different Barrios when going to the destination. Some busy Barrios could be the cause of traffic. | Communica- tion| The hotel and resort offers local and international services necessary for communication that the guests expect and deserve; telephones, cellular phones, Internet, cable, and television. | Rates of calls are more expensive when calling to Manila, other provinces and International destinations. They don’t sell prepaid loads for mobile services. | Since technology is booming, internet connection is faster as well as the signal for mobile connection. Guests may not need telephone services inside the hotel rooms when the hotel is equipped with Control4. | Rooms| The good structure of rooms with complete facilities provides comfort and relaxation to guests. | The rooms are not recommended for people with disability since it is less spacious. | Through the latest trends and innovations management can add modern amenities in guests rooms like room motion sensor or Control4 and touch screen telephone. | Guests have different preferences of appreciating a room. | Staffs| They are very welcoming, approachable and friendly.They are trained by the company to be able to provide high class of service to the guests. | They are considered as weakness because they are young in experiences. | This provides job for the people in the community. | They might look for other job because they want to have better career, salary and job experiences. | Building| It is modernly designed with innovative facilities and system and classically elegant. | T hey fail to add elevator as one of the facilities in the hotel. This also becomes burden for staffs in transferring the guest’s luggage into their room. They are open for renovations to follow what is trendy in the industry. | According to DRRM the building may be affected by natural calamities since the establishment is located in flood prone, storm spurge prone and tsunami prone area. | Location| Situated in a town of Tanza, Cavite where you are brought closer to nature. | The location if far from other commercial establishments and city. | The resort can offer more activities since it has an access to the sea for aqua sports. | It is in a residential area. Guests need to pass a number of residences before entering the hotel and resort premise. Cleanliness| The facilities and surroundings are maintained clean and dirt-free by the hotel and resort’s maintenance staff. | The window pane makes the guestrooms less attractive because of the permanent watermarks. | The res idents must clean the surroundings and develop proper garbage disposal so that the Barrio would be more appealing to the visitors. | Garbage from other end of the sea brought by the waves adds dirt to the shore and makes it less appealing. | Social Networking| Their website provides important information about the rates and facilities of the hotel and resort to the guests. Some are not familiar with the website of Tanza Oasis Hotel and Resort. | It is now use for the promotion and publicity of the business. | People are given more choices of hotel and resort to visit because information is widely spread through internet. | Competition| The management assures that the company has competitive facilities and rates. | The business is still young therefore they still need improvements of the service, facilities and staffs to be able to compete with bigger resort and hotels. | Their major competitors give them reasons to enhance more their services to exceed guest’s satisfaction. O ther hotel and resort in Cavite might be offering same services or much better services for cheaper rates. | Natural environment| Their location offers nice view of the sea, far from noisy surroundings, and natural sheds from the trees. | Sometimes the seashore has more garbage, brought by the waves. | Having the sea as part of the resort gives them an opportunity to offer more aqua sports like banana boat ride, boating, parasailing and others. | Other guests may not be interested in the sea since it is not that clean and clear. Security| They employed inside security personnel and Tanod for the outside. | They don’t have any security gadgets. Example: Metal detector and luggage scanner| Local government,Barangay, is helping to maintain the peace and order in the community. | Anyone can enter the hotel without getting the attention of the hotel personnel. Guest may feel that | VI. RECOMMENDATION Absolute thing that cannot be denied is the aesthetic of Tanza Oasis Hotel and Re sort in terms of structure, facilities, and the comfort it gives to the guests during their visit and stay.More than anything else it is one of the best hotel and resort you can find in the vicinity of Cavite. Since the hotel and resort starts for almost a year, Tanza Oasis Hotel and Resort is not that establish as others did. Several things we noticed in their establishment and management need much more improvement. Social Networking Social networks will be very helpful for the company as a publicity and promotional media. There, they can publicize their rates and promotions. Well defined key work for the name of the establishment will also be helpful for the guest to easily remember it.Transportation and Travel The hotel and resort must provide a well define map for the guest to know the different routes that they can take when going to the resort. Staffs Inexperienced staffs count on weaknesses of the hotel and resort. Staffs that are inadequate in performing their duties and res ponsibilities might decrease the quality of service of the hotel. The action to be taken for further improvement is to hire knowledgeable, trained, and skilled employees for the quality and good results and to give more training. SuperstructureDespite of the beauty and luxury of modern establishment that can be easily seen, there are still things that must be improved. We noticed that the hotel lacks of an elevator which more needed particularly for disabled person as well as for the convenience of the employees in assisting guest’s luggage. The construction of elevator will be a big help for the business. Furthermore, this will benefit the hotel and resort not just in sustaining their goals but also to exceed the expectations of the guests. Security of Guests and EstablishmentsBasically, the primary goal of the hotel and resort is to sell rooms, to provide fun and enjoyment, and to gain more profit. Excursionists and tourists who visit the hotel and resort must be given 24/7 security and safety while staying in the resort premises. To provide the 24/7 security and safety it is advisable to give more attention to the people who come in and out of the establishment. This way the visitors will be worry free while staying in the place. As a conclusion, we recommend to the hotel and resort the need for further management empowerment and innovative facilities to achieve the goals and objectives of the company.VII. REFERENCES AURA FERMO-FRANCISCO Hotel Manager –  Tanza Oasis Hotel & Resort Cavite Sales Office – (046) 6862548 Manila Sales Office – (02) 7080704 / 5243876 Mobile Number – 0905. 276. 4010 [email  protected] com  /  [email  protected] com www. tanzaoasis. com Burnett, T. (2011, January 10). International Resort Trends Have Relevance for European Developers. Retrieved August 25, 2012, from http://www. dmproperties. com/78-international-resort-trends-have-relevance-european-developers. html Gupta, R. (n. d. ) . WOW Hotels & Resorts – Tomorrow Comes Today.Retrieved September 3, 2012, from http://hotel-management. bestmanagementarticles. com/a-44740-wow-hotels-amp-resorts–tomorrow-comes-today. aspx Hotel and Resort Insider. (2011). The upcoming travel trends of 2012. Retrieved September 8, 2012, from http://www. hotelresortinsider. com/news_story. php? news_id=135052&cat_id=8 VIII. ATTACHMENTS These photos were taken after the interview with the Hotel Manager, Ms. Aura Fermo Francisco. The day and night view of Tanza Oasis Hotel and Resort Facade. The hotel lobby Our photo at the Front Desk with the front desk agent and bellboysOur photo at Sagobe restaurant with the waiters and the Menu The Bar beside the pool and the cocktail menu Tanza Oasis Hotel and Resort’s Safari themed swimming pool The Beach Area: Swimming guidelines, Cottages, Sink, Grilling area The Ladies’ and Gentlemen’s shower room Volleyball Area Basketball Court Hotel and Resort Cl inic The Laundry Area The Sundry/ Souvenir Shop This is the Videoke and Billiard Hall Maintenance Area Function Room Linen Room These photos were taken last August 30, 2012 at Tanza Oasis Hotel and Resort. EZEKIEL BRUSAS. REAGIME RUFINO. DAILENE MAE SANCHEZ. PRINCESS PALLASIGUE 2012

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Is the Death Penalty Applied Fairly - Essay Example This definition also raises a lot of questions because according to many laws, the death penalty is considered, lawful and non-malicious yet it also involves the killing of human beings by the government or concerned authorities that execute such penalties (Williams, 2002). Those who oppose the death penalty argue that the terms ‘execute’, ‘murder’ and ‘kill’ can be used interchangeably. All the three actions result in the same end because life is lost in all the cases. Those who argue that the death penalty is just and fair fail to realize that they are supporting something that is as wrong as the crime that they purport to punish. Supporting the execution of someone who commits murder is just like committing murder itself. This is because the end result of such actions is the death of the people. Claiming that the death penalty is fair is similar to comparing rape to lovemaking or battery to self defense (Williams, 2002). Those who support tha t the death penalty is applied fairly base their arguments on the fact that the death penalty is a punishment for those who deserve to be killed for what they did. There are many types of punishments that may be given to people who do wrong deeds. These punishments may range from denying a person certain privileges, imprisonment and even the death penalty. The right thing to do according to the law is to ensure that the punishment given fits the crime that was committed. This means that a small crime should be punished in a small way and a very serious crime deserves a punishment of similar magnitude. Law jargon may refer to this as lex talonis which may be generally translated to mean, an eye for an eye. So, if someone kills another person, do they deserve to be killed or get punished in other ways? I do not feel that the death penalty is applied justly or fairly because it is ironic to kill someone who kills another person but not rape someone who rapes another person (Williams, 2 002). The death penalty is not applied fairly because it seems to have a lot of loop holes. As seen earlier, those who support the death penalty do so because they believe that a crime should be punished according to its seriousness. If this was the case, would it be correct to say that rapists should be punished by being raped? If a rapist is considered to be wrong by raping someone else, it is also considered morally incorrect to rape that person with the aim of punishing them. It would be morally degrading to let someone punish the rapist by raping them so that they do not get away with rape and that they do not rape again. Why then would it be right for someone to declare that a killer should be killed? Is this the only means of punishing someone who commits a crime of killing another person? I think that it is also morally incorrect to let someone decide that the life of another person should come to an end for whatever reason (Williams, 2002). Life is very sacred and should be treated as such. No human being has the moral obligation of deciding that another person should live or die for whatever reason. Governments are there to protect the rights and freedoms of their citizens. They should therefore ensure that the lives of their citizens are protected and respected, no matter what they do. When a person is found to have killed another person, the

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay Example for Free

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay In the novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain, the main character, Huck Finn, undergoes a variety of experiences that changes him as a man, relationships with other characters in the novel and we get to understand the author’s perspective through the characters. Huck Finn flourished in many ways through the novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Huck Finn grew up with the stereotype that all blacks are meaningless and do not deserve to live the same life style and have the same rights as any white man. His father brings these views to Huckleberry’s attention. During the novel, Huck travels the Mississippi river with a black male slave named Jim, throughout the journey Huck learns how to be selflessness and have empathy for others. By experiencing different obstacles and situations, Huckleberry gains an insight into others’ lives and how their experiences differ from his. He learns to be more open to new and different outlooks of life. He learns courage, empathy, compassion, and the differences between law and moral right and wrong. Because of these experiences, Huck gains courage and maturity. Huckleberry is a new and improved man by the end of the novel. Throughout The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain illustrates the bond formed between Huck, the young white protagonist, and Jim, Hucks black companion. As time goes on Huck begins to realize and understand how black men have been treated throughout their lives and starts to respect Jim more and more by who he actually is. While Huck and Jim travel down the river it becomes apparent that Jim is more of a father figure to Huck than his biological father. Huck’s father, Pap, teaches the virtues of a life not worth living, while Jim gives Huck the proper fatherly support, compassion, and knowledge for Huck to become a man. While Pap acts as an anchor on Hucks heel, Jim opens up a new world for Huck, and becomes his companion and a resource of knowledge. He finds the ideal combination of respect, love, and protection in Jim. Although Jim is not book smart, he maintains the simple values that Huck needs. Although Huck and Jim come from separate racial backgrounds their time together allows them to surpass their ethnic segregation and become true friends, and family. Huck returns the respect and gratefulness to Jim by keeping his promise and helping him become a free man. At the end of the novel, Huck thinks of Jim as being no different from any white man and doesn’t deserve to be treated differently otherwise. In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, readers can identify Mark Twain’s picture of Southern society through the characters. Mark Twain harshly undermines our society in his novel by satirizes religion, civilization, and human nature to expose the flaws and weaknesses behind American society. Twain criticizes religion in society through satirizing Miss Watson and Silas Phelps for being highly religious yet hypocritical figures. Twain states that religious people can be hypocrites in situations such as in his novel, where they purposely ignore certain teachings of their religion. The Bible encourages that people treat others they wish to be treated, and here Miss Watson blatantly ignores that by being a slave owner. Even though many schools and parents would prohibit reading this novel because of its language and maliciousness, Twain states that he writes the truth. Huck is critical of many things and people in this novel. He implies that humans understand and comprehend the world by different means and rely on different sources to provide the truth. People use their senses, reasoning, emotion, past experiences and what others have taught them to understand the world and how to make their own decisions. To understand something for what it is truly is you need to get a different perspective on it, which is what Huck did with Jim to find out the real meaning to slavery and to respect. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a classic story where readers learn about the true meaning of friendship and slavery just by a white man and a black man sailing down a river to find freedom.

Features Of Grices Cooperative Principle

Features Of Grices Cooperative Principle It was in 1975 when Herbert Paul Grice announced one of his most famous and influential papers Logic and Conversation including the Cooperative Principle with its Conversational Maxims. This paper targets at introducing the Cooperative Principle as well as alternative principles which have been developed as a response to Grices efforts. Even if the founders of these alternative principles take Grices Principle as a basis they have been criticizing it in order to refine his notions and ideas of how human communication works (Herbst 2010: 268). Taking the Cooperative Principle as the initial point of this paper there will be an introduction of Grices principle at first. In a further step the paper will provide an outline of the alternative principles in a chronological order as they were published. The final chapter is concerned with a conclusion based on current research as well there will follow an evaluation by taking into account how the views on Grices Cooperative principle change d over time. 2. Main features of Grices Cooperative Principle According to Grice human talk exchanges are rational because while speaking we connect our remarks and if we would not do so they would not be rational (cf. Grice 1975: 45). Consequently talk exchanges are not usually just a collection of context-free and separate sentences (cf. Grice 1975: 45). Grice describes them further as cooperative efforts in which each participant can recognize to some extent a common purpose or a set of purposes or rather a mutually accepted direction (Grice 1975: 45). Furthermore he mentions that this purpose or direction may be fixed from the start, or it may evolve during the exchange (Grice 1975: 45). Here it is not necessary if the direction of the talk exchange is established from the beginning on or if it is developing during the conversation because at each stage of the conversation there will be some possible conversational moves which would be excluded as conversationally unsuitable (Grice 1975:45). Due to these conversationally unsuitable moves Gr ice (1975: 45) was the first who tried to delineate in a general principle the mechanisms by which people interpret conversational implicature (Thomas 1995: 61). This general principle is called the Cooperative Principle and it is expected to be observed by all participants of a talk exchange (cf. Grice 1975: 45). The Cooperative Principle according to Grice (1975: 45) is defined in the following way: Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged. The Cooperative Principle is followed by four Conversational Maxims which are divided into the categories: Quantity, Quality, Relation and Manner (Grice 1975: 45).  [1]  These Conversational Maxims roughly put the guidelines in words on which we orientate our communicative behavior or rather as Levinson rephrases them in his work Pragmatics as the maxims specify what participants have to do in order to conver se in a maximally efficient, rational, co-operative way: they should speak sincerely, relevantly and clearly, while providing sufficient information (Levinson 1983: 102). In Logic and Conversation Grice (cf. 1975: 45-f.) lists the maxims in the following way: The Maxim of Quantity- relates to the quantity of information to be provided, and under it fall the following maxims: 1. Make your contribution as informative as required (for the current purposes of the exchange). 2. Do not make your contribution more informative than is required. The Maxim of Quality- under the category of Quality fall a supermaxim -Try to make your contribution one that is true- and two more specific maxims:1. Do not say what you believe to be false. 2. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence. The Maxim of Relation under the category of Relation Grice places a single maxim, namely: Be relevant. The Maxim of Manner under the category of Manner Grice understands them as relating not (like the previous categories) to what is said but rather, to HOW what is said to be said. The Maxim of Manner includes the supermaxim Be perspicuous and various maxims such as: 1. Avoid obscurity of expression. 2. Avoid ambiguity. 3. Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity). 4. Be orderly. As Grice indicates further in his paper a participant in a talk exchange may fail to fulfill a maxim (Grice 1975: 49). Thus, there are situations in which a participant is not able to stick to the maxims listed above. The four possible ways of non-observing the maxims mentioned by Grice (cf. Grice 1975: 49) will be listed in the following and after that there will follow one example for each type of non-observance in order to examine the failure: (1) A participant in a talk exchange may quietly and unostentatiously VIOLATE a maxim; if so, in some cases he will be liable to mislead. (2) A speaker may OPT OUT from the operation both of the maxim and the CP; he may say, indicate, or allow it to become plain that he is unwilling to cooperate in the way the maxims requires. (3) A speaker may be faced by a CLASH: He may be unable, for example, to fulfill the first maxim of Quantity (Be as informative as is required) without violating the second maxim of Quality (Have adequate evidence for what you say). (4) A participant may FLOUT a maxim; that is, he may blatantly fail to fulfill it. On the assumption that the speaker is able to fulfill the maxim and to do so without violating another maxim [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦], is not opting out, and is not, in view of the blatancy of his performance, trying to mislead [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] This situation is one that characteristically gives rise to a conversational implicature; and when a conversational implicature is generated in this way, I shall say that a maxim is being exploited. According to the first type of non-observance (1) it might be useful to add as it is pointed out in Meaning in Interaction that many commentators incorrectly use the term violate for all forms of non-observance of the maxims (Thomas 1995: 72). But nevertheless Grice defines violation very specifically as the unostentatious non-observance of a maxim (Thomas 1995: 72). To clarify the phenomena of violating a maxim the following example as it is mentioned by Thomas might be helpful: An English athlete was pulled out of her race and returned to England. A press officer for the England team said: She has a family bereavement; her grandmother has died. (1995: 73). The following day it was proclaimed that the athlete had to leave because of a positive drug test (cf. Thomas 1995: 73). Nevertheless the statement of the press officer was true, but the implicature which was the reason of the English athletes returning home was not true as it is explained in Thomas (cf. 1995: 73). The second ty pe of non-observing (2) means that a participant of talk exchange opts out of the conversation because he does not behave in the way as it is prescribed by the Conversational Maxims or rather the participant does so to express unwillingness (Thomas 1995: 74). Therefore Thomas elaborates these kinds of non-observing are typically for public figures as they cannot, perhaps for legal or ethical reason, reply in the way expected (Thomas 1995: 74). Relating to this Grice introduces the following example: I cannot say more; my lips are sealed (Grice 1975: 49) or an instance for a public figures response would be: No comment. The third possible type in falling to fulfill the maxims is given when the speaker is faced by a clash (3) due to a conflict of two or rather of more maxims. Consequently in this situation a speaker is not able to observe the maxims. Aiming at illustrating this specific situation of incompatibility the instance given by Grice (cf. 1975: 51-f.) in his work might be hel pful: For their vacation in France A is planning with B a route considering the fact that both of them are aware of that A wants to meet his friend C. Furthermore Grice mentions that the meeting would not entail too great prolongation of their journey (cf. Grice 1975: 51) and additionally to these background information he introduces that A is asking: Where does C live? and B answers: Somewhere in the South of France. (Grice 1975: 51). This clash can be explained by taking into account that B does not provide too much information as A wishes to get (cf. Grice 1975: 51). By providing too little information B is obviously not observing the first maxim of Quantity (cf. Grice 1975: 51) and this explains Grice by supposing that B is aware that to be more informative would be to say something that infringed the maxim of Quality, Dont say what you lack adequate evidence for (Grice 1975: 51-f.). Thus, B acts as if he does not know exactly where C lives (cf. Grice 1975: 52). The fourth type of an infringement of a maxim is expressed by flouting a maxim (4) as stated in Thomas the most important category by far because it generates an implicature (1995: 64). By generating an implicature on purpose the speaker is aware of doing so. Plausible reasons therefore might be that the speaker does not want to provide too little or rather too much information than the situation demands (Thomas 1995: 65). The latter is given in the subsequent example as in Thomas (1995: 66): A is asking B about a mutual friends new boyfriend: A: Is he nice? B: She seems to like him. In the foregoing example B does not observe the maxim of Quantity by providing a less informative response to As question as it is described in Thomas (1995: 66). 3. Alternative Principles to the Cooperative Principle As the introduction of this paper previously indicated the Cooperative Principle has not been set free from critiques and thus it is not surprising that there exist suggestions for improvement or rather that there are alternative principles which will be presented in this chapter. 3.1 The Politeness Principle by Geoffrey Leech According to Geoffrey Leech there is a lack in Grices Cooperative Principle relating to the level of relationship while communicating because as the CP only refers to the content level as it is described in Bublitz (2009: 209). Moreover one could infer that the aspect of politeness is missing. Especially politeness is absolutely obligatory for Leech to answer the question why people are often so indirect in conveying what they mean and in addition he is convinced that the Politeness Principle is not just another principle to be added to the CP, but is a necessary complement, which rescues the CP from serious trouble (Leech 1983: 80). The Politeness Principle is expressed in Principles of Pragmatics as follows: Minimize (other things being equal) the expression of impolite beliefs; Maximzie (other things being equal) the expression of polite beliefs (Leech 1983: 81). To the Politeness Principle are six maxims added which tend to go in pairs (Leech 1983: 132). In the following these si x maxims (cf. Leech 1983: 132-36) will be listed and will be explained briefly below.  [2]   (1) The Tact Maxim: Minimize cost to other; maximize benefit to other. (2) The Generosity Maxim: Minimize benefit to self: Maximize cost to self. (3) The Approbation Maxim: Minimize dispraise of other; maximize praise of other. (4) The Modesty Maxim: Minimize praise of self; maximize dispraise of self. (5) The Agreement Maxim: Minimize disagreement between self and other; maximize agreement between self and other. (6) The Sympathy Maxim: Minimize antipathy between self and other; maximize sympathy between self and other. In accordance with Thomas the Tact Maxim (1) contains three different components (1995: 160-f.). Firstly the size of imposition, secondly the mitigation of the effort of a request by offering optionality and finally the cost/benefit scale (cf. Thomas 1995:160-f.). The size of imposition refers to the way of how a speaker can make use of minimizer in order to diminish the implied cost to the hearer as it is in the example: Ive got a bit of problem (Thomas 1995: 161). By the second component Leech means that the speaker should always give options or at least giving the appearance of allowing options (Thomas 1995: 161). As the last aspect is the cost/benefit scale, it implies the speaker is able to express an utterance politely without employing indirectness if it is to the hearers benefit as shown in the following example: Have a chocolate! (Thomas 1995: 161). Instancing the Generosity Maxim (2) by the sentences You must come and have dinner with us and We must come and have dinner wit h you Leech (1983: 133) states that the first is regarded as polite whereas the latter sentence is more impolite. To the Approbation Maxim (3) Leech predicates that the speaker should avoid saying unpleasant things about others (1983: 135) and thus it would be considered as very impolite to remark: What an awful meal you cooked! whereas What a marvelous meal you cooked would be regarded as very polite manners (Leech 1983: 135). Varying extremely in its application from culture to culture one has to take into account that the Modesty Maxim (4) in Japan is more powerful than it is as a rule in English-speaking societies (Thomas 1995: 163). For instance the reaction to a compliment differs as English would accept it pleasantly whereas Japanese would deny it in a modest way (cf. Leech 1983: 137). Second last the Agreement Maxim (5) implies that it is natural to emphasize agreement directly whereas people tend to diminish disagreement by expressing regret (Leech 1983: 138). With the Symp athy Maxim (6) Leech examines why congratulations and condolences are courteous speech acts, even though condolences express beliefs which are negative (138). As it was mentioned at the beginning of the chapter Leech takes the view that the Politeness Principle is supposed to collaborate with, and even rescue, the Cooperative Principle and its associated maxims (Mey 207:81). If this supposition can vindicate will be shown in the conclusion chapter. 3.2 The Q- and R- Principle by Laurence Horn Horn rethinks Grices Cooperative Principle but nevertheless his model keeps relevance within the general framework of Gricean theory (Mey 2007: 82). Horns Q- and R-Principle consists of two principles. Namely, the Q- Principle (Q for quantity), telling us to say as much as we can; and the R-Principle (R for relation), which says that we should say no more than we must' (Mey 2007: 84). Additionally the Q-Principle is hearer-based and it compromises the first half of the Gricean maxim of Quantity (Mey 2007: 84) whereas the speaker-based R-principle includes the second half of the quantity maxim plus the maxims of manner and relation (Mey 2007: 84). Furthermore the Q- and R- principle is concerned with the problem that there exist two kinds of utterances. On the one hand there are utterances which have a clear and unambiguous meaning (Mey 2007: 83) whereas on the other hand there are utterances which need to be interpreted by the hearer. Taking the following sentence as an example for o bserving the R-principle: I cut a finger yesterday (Mey 2007: 83). Thus one can come to the conclusion that the finger is mine and not a finger of someone else. Contrary to this is the sentence: Wilfred is meeting a woman tonight for dinner (Mey 2007: 83). The previous phrase invoke the Q-Principle in order to establish the fact that it is not his wife or regular girlfriend hes seeing (Mey 2007: 84). Basically as Grundy states Horn argues that Grices maxims can be subsumed within two principles (Grundy 2008: 110) and deductive he tries to simplify Grices maxim by reducing them. 3.3 Relevance Theory by Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson The Relevance Theory by Dan Sperber and Deidre Wilson is considered to be a cognitive theory of human communication (Yus 2006: 512) as well as a minimalist theory of communication (Mey 2007: 85). Namely their Relevance Theory is based exclusively on the Principle of Relevance (Mey 2007: 85) which operates as follows (cf. Bublitz 2009: 211): Every act of ostensive communication communicates a presumption of its own optimal relevance. (a) The set of assumptions {I} which the communicator intends to make manifest to the addressee is relevant enough to make it worth the addressees while to process the ostensive stimulus. (b) The ostensive stimulus is the most relevant one the communicator could have used to communicate {I}. Thus in order to communicate successfully relevance is obligatory (Mey 2007: 85). The former term of Relevance is explicated by Sperber and Wilson as assumption is relevant in a context if and only if it has some contextual effect in that context (1995: 122). As Relevance Theory was first published in 1986 there exist many updated versions of it. The following description of Relevance Theory refers to the one given by Bublitz (2009: 211-f.). Contrary to Mey Bublitz depicts Relevance Theory as a new approach than rather as a shortened adaption to Grices Cooperative Principle (cf. Bublitz 2009: 211). Furthermore the Relevance Theory operates on a cost-benefit-principle which implies that human beings are trying to achieve a great increase of knowledge by avoiding too big effort in interpreting their talk exchange partners utterance (cf. Bublitz 2009: 211). Consequently it is important that there is a balance between the given information and act of interpreting it (cf. Bublitz 2009: 21 1). 4. Conclusion based on current research 5. Bibliographical References Bublitz, Wolfram. 2009. Englische Pragmatik: Eine Einfà ¼hrung. 2nd edition. Berlin: Schmidt. Grice, Herbert P. 1975. Logic and Conversation. In Syntax and Semantics 3: Speech Acts, Peter Cole and Jerry L. Morgan (eds), 41-58. New York: Academic Press. Grundy, Peter. 2008. Doing Pragmatics. 3rd edition. London: Hodder Education. Herbst, Thomas. 2010. English Linguistics: A Coursebook for Students of English. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Leech, Geoffrey. 1983. Principles of Pragmatics. London: Longman. Levinson, Stephen C. 1983. Pragmatics. Cambridge: CUP. Lindblom, Kenneth. 2006. Cooperative Principle Encyclopedia of Language Linguistics 2nd edition, 176-183. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Lumsden, David. 2008. Kinds of Conversational Cooperation. Journal of Pragmatics 40: 1896-1908. (Seiten stimmen nicht, authors manuscript, da nicht verfà ¼gbar!) Mey, Jacbob L. 2007. Pragmatics: An Introduction. 2nd edition. Oxford: Blackwell. Pfister, Jonas. 2010. Is there a need for a maxim of politeness? Journal of Pragmatics 42 (Issue 5): 1266-1282. Sperber, Dan; Deidre Wilson. 1995. Relevance: Communication and Cognition. 2nd edition. Oxford: Blackwell. Tannen, Deborah. 2011. Thats not what I meant: How Conversational Style Makes or Breaks Relationships. New York: Harper. Thomas, Jenny. 1995. Meaning in Interaction: An Introduction to Pragmatics. London: Longman. Yus, F. 2006. Relevance Theory. In Encyclopedia of Language Linguistics 2nd edition, 512-523. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Life in Maycomb in To Kill a Mockingbird :: English Literature

What impressions are there of life in Maycomb in To Kill a Mockingbird Maycomb is seen as a tired and sleepy town, where nothing happens. Maycomb is a very isolated town itself, so it is insular. There are no nearby towns or villages so are very alone. This makes the town so boring and tired. Nothing very exciting happens in Maycomb, if there is something reasonably different from to Maycomb’s usual routine then the community get both excited but also scared. For example when it snowed Scout was scared that the sky was falling, but Jem knew what it was and got very excited and managed to make a snowman. When the Radleys’ house is supposedly broken into by Negroes, and the mad dog incident are both examples of Maycomb’s panic at something different. The trial is a very prominent example of something that Maycomb finds exciting and new, the new part being a white man trying to prove a black man innocent. The Maycomb community make a family day out or picnic out of the trial, even thought is a very serious and unpleasant court case. â€Å"It was a gala occasion.† â€Å"The courthouse square was covered with picnic parties sitting on newspapers, washing down biscuit and syrup with warm milk from fruit jars.† Nothing has changed in Maycomb, it is very traditional and tries to keep as much of its past as possible. Maycomb town is obsessed with background; it clings to old views the main one being prejudice against blacks. Maycomb needs the likes of Atticus and his children to bring the town forward. For example the Maycomb County Courthouse: â€Å"a view indicating a people determined to preserve every physical scrap of the past.† Racism in Maycomb has existed since the Indians. It shows how Maycomb is based on extreme racial and prejudice. â€Å"If General Jackson hadn’t run the Creeks.† Maycomb is also shown as a town that has not been brought up to present times by the state of the actual town. It is very poor and in disrepair, it only has one taxi. When Miss Maudie’s house catches on fire the fire engine does not reach Maycomb for a while because Maycomb is a very isolated town and not very important so therefore there is now nearby fire station. â€Å"In rainy weather the streets turned to red slop; grass grew on the sidewalks, the courthouse sagged in the square.† Maycomb seems to be an innocent, peaceful town when first seen. Harper Lee proves to show this is a misconception made by outsiders. Throughout the novel we learn the ways and life of Maycomb. â€Å"Maycomb County had recently been told it had nothing to fear but fear

Melville :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   HERMAN MELVILLE â€Å"Bartleby, the scrivener†, is a very interesting reading that shows us in a very clear way the different forms of alienation: alienation from work, alienation from other people, and alienation from the natural world. Bartleby was a scrivener; in fact, he was â€Å"the strangest scrivener ever seen†. He found a job in the bottom of one of the several huge buildings in Wall Street; moreover, his desk was placed in a corner, with a window that presented no view at all, and consequently, a few light. He had two partners: Turkey, and Nippers. However, non of them were the ideal partners for him. Turkey had a â€Å"flighty† temper, and Nippers, a â€Å"fiery† one.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At first, Bartleby worked very hard, copying an extraordinary vast quantity of writing. As his boss says, for him, â€Å"there was no pause for digestion†. However, things changed with time. One day, the boss asked Bartleby to review a paper with him, and to his surprised, Bartleby replied: â€Å"I would prefer not to†. The boss ignored such behavior the first time because he needed him, and he worked well. However, such sentence, â€Å"I would prefer not to† became more normal, and even familiar. Bartleby carefully revolved any statement that his boss made. As a consequence, after that moment, Bartleby refused many other things: from not going to the post office, to not going next door, and even to not going back home. At the end, Bartleby preferred not to work, and consequently, he was fired. However, when the boss asked him to leave, he got the same answer: â€Å"I prefer not to†. As a result, Bartleby stayed there until the boss and all their partners moved to another place. However, when the new owners of the building came in, and as a consequence of the same answer, Bartleby went to prison. The text ends with Bartleby in prison refusing to eat, and therefore, preferring to die from starvation. The place where he worked in the bottom of â€Å"Wall† Street, his partners, and his unchallenging job alienated him as time passes to the extend that he didn’t want to do anything at all.